To promote B vitamin health, you should sleep for _______ hours.
7.5 - 7.8**less than 7 or greater than 8 hours result in diminished returns
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is _______ mg per day for men and ______ mg per day for women
9075**pregnant women should take up to 120mg per day
________ prevents vitamin E from becoming a weak pro-oxidant. It refreshes and recharges vitamin E at photoreceptor outer segments.A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. ubiquinolF. ubiquinone
E. ubiquinol**ubiquinol is the ACTIVE antioxidant form for CoQ10**slide 64
The primary function of _______ is to enhance ABSORPTION of CALCIUM and PHOSPHORUS from the digestive track, which are necessary for BONE mineralization. A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
D. vitamin D
Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized by the skin?A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
D. vitamin D
_______ may be protective against PROSTATE CANCERA. taurineB. ubiquinolC. ubiquinoneD. alpha lipoic acidE. selenium
E. selenium**slide 70
Which drugs interfere with production of CoQ10?A. beta blockersB. alpha agonistsC. calcium channel blockersD. carbonic anhydrase inhibitorsE. statins
E. statins**slide 66
This is the first antioxidant consumed when LDL is oxidized A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. ubiquinolF. ubiquinone
E. ubiquinol**ubiquinol is the ACTIVE antioxidant form for CoQ10**slide 64
The recommended dose for Astaxanthin is ________ mg/day
2
Smokers need more vitamin C than non-smokersA. trueB. false
A. true**slide 52
Selenium is toxic in high amountsA. trueB. false
A. true**slide 70
Ocular cells have the machinery to activate and regulate vitamin D metabolism. They are able to convert 25D3 (Calcidiol) into the functionally active 1,25D3 (Calcitriol)A. trueB. false
A. true**the presence of vitamin D hydroxylases have been demonstrated in corneal epithelial, endothelial, scleral fibroblasts, non-pigmented ciliary body epithelial and adult retinal pigment epithelial cell lines. **slide 23
When taken orally, _______ may be slightly more effectiveA. ubiquinolB. ubiquinone
A. ubiquinol
Which is the ACTIVE antioxidant form for CoQ10?A. ubiquinolB. semiquinoneC. ubiquinone
A. ubiquinol**slide 63
Retinal is synthesized from vitamin _____ obtained in dietA. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
A. vitamin A
RBC production, reproduction, and VISION are the systemic functions for ___________A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
A. vitamin A**slide 28
Which of the following vitamins are STORED to SIGNIFICANT extent in the body? (pick 3)A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12E. vitamin E**the other vitamins must be consumed regularly to maintain tissue health
Which of the following are examples of Fat soluble vitamins?A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
A. vitamin AD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
The B vitamins are _______A. water solubleB. fat soluble
A. water soluble
Vitamin C is _______A. water solubleB. fat soluble
A. water soluble
Vitamin B5 is known as ______
Pantothenic acid
_______ mg/day of vitamin C was used as an adjunctive therapy for CORNEAL ULCERS.
1000**slide 54
Ubiquinone is also known as _______
CoQ10**coenzyme Q10
Vitamin B12 is known as ______
Cobalamin
Except for deficiencies of ______ and ______, microminerals deficiencies are uncommon in developed countries. (pick 2)A. chromiumB. copperC. iodineD. ironE. manganeseF. molybdenumG. seleniumH. zinc
D. ironH. zinc
Vitamin B7 is known as ______
Biotin
Vitamin B1 is known as ______
Thiamine
Light _______ sodium channels and turns rods ______A. opens; onB. opens; offC. closes; onD. closes; off
D. closes; off**slide 32
Astaxanthin is a _______ pigment CAROTENOID found primarily in MARINE SOURCES.A. blueB. greenC. yellowD. red
D. red
Long term studies have found that people who take more than _______ mg of supplemental vitamin C per day have a 25% lower risk of coronary heart disease than those who do not take vitamin C supplements.A. 90B. 75 C. 200D. 500E. 700
E. 700**slide 52
Which B vitamin helps the body break down protein and maintain the health of RED BLOOD CELLS, the NERVOUS SYSTEM, and parts of the IMMUNE SYSTEM?A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
E. B6 (pyridoxine)**slide 48
Vitamin D is also a neuro-regulatory steroidA. trueB. false
A. true
Niacin is vitamin ______A. B1B. B2C. B3D. B5E. B6F. B7G. B9H. B12
C. B3
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is also known as _______
ubiquinone
Females should drink no more than ______ alcoholic drink per day. This may cause low levels of vitamin B. Males should drink no more than ______ alcoholic drink per day.
12
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of PRE-FORMED vitamin A?**Retinol is the pre-formed vitamin A
3,000 micrograms/day**slide 31
We need at least _______ IU per day of vitamin D to prevent systemic disease
30**slide 12
Toxicities to vitamin D in persons over 8 years of age occur in doses exceeding ________ IU.
4000**symptoms/signs will include anorexia, polyuria, weight loss, arrhythmias
The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) recommends _______ or more servings of fruits and vegetables.
5**side 31
To absorb the right amount of vitamin D, all you need is have sun exposure 2 to 3 times a week for ________ minutes.
5-30
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin D is ______ IU per day and _______ IU over 70 years of age. The upper limit (UL) for vitamin D is ________ IU for ages 8 years and over.
6008004,000
_______ nmol/L constitutes a deficiency in Calcidiol or 25(OH)D?_______ nmol/L constitutes an adequate amount of Calcidiol or 25(OH)D?
< 30 nmol/L> 50 nmol/L**slide 9
Thiamine is vitamin ______A. B1B. B2C. B3D. B5E. B6F. B7G. B9H. B12
A. B1
Which B vitamin strengthens the IMMUNE SYSTEM and improves the ability to withstand stressful conditions?A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
A. B1 (thiamin)**slide 46
Ergocalciferol is vitamin ______. You get it from plant foods in diet.A. D2B. D3
A. D2
Vitamin D can lead to toxicity, since it is a fat soluble vitaminA. trueB. false
A. true**but not true if it is absorbed via sunlight**slides 9 & 11
This type of bipolar cell is OFF when rods are onA. On center Bipolar cellB. Off center Bipolar cell
A. On center Bipolar cell**slide 35
This disease is a result of vitamin D deficiency. It is common worldwide in CHILDREN. Bones do not calcify normally, resulting in impending growth and skeletal abnormalities. A. RicketsB. OsteomalaciaC. Osteoporosis
A. Rickets**Rickets is a disease seen in developing countries due to lack of vitamin D, phosphorus, or calcium. It is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphyseal closure.
Which of the following are properties of Astaxanthin? (select all that apply)A. anti-inflammatoryB. UV protectantC. found in the human retinaD. possibly reduces H. pylori load and ulcer symptoms
A. anti-inflammatoryB. UV protectantD. possibly reduces H. pylori load and ulcer symptoms**Astaxanthin is NOT found in the human retina but is capable of crossing the blood-brain/retina barrier
Which of the following essential trace minerals is NOT INCORPORATED INTO ENZYMES or hormones required in metabolism?A. chromiumB. copperC. iodineD. ironE. manganeseF. molybdenumG. seleniumH. zinc
A. chromium
Placing SPF will _______ your vitamin D intake when you are out in the sunA. decreaseB. increase
A. decrease**and hence you will need to spend more time in the sun to get vitamin D
The ________ the equator a person lives, the higher the risk of multiple sclerosis. A. farther away fromB. closer to
A. farther away from**slide 21
Select the true responseA. humans are able to produce CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) in the bodyB. humans are unable to produce CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) in the body
A. humans are able to produce CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) in the body**slide 61
According to Western Australia Study and Korea study, _______ levels of vitamin D have been associated with high myopia.A. lowB. high
A. low**lower myopia progression with longer time outdoors**so is it really the low vitamin D or is it because now we are indoors reading and doing other near tasks?
According to a study in March 2014 by Mohr S et al., higher serum Calcidiol were associated with ______ in patients diagnosed with breast cancerA. lower mortality ratesB. higher mortality rates
A. lower mortality rates**calcidiol or 25(OH)D is the type of vitamin D made in the liver**slide 18
Retinol is the ________ while beta carotene is the ________ A. preformed vitamin A; provitamin AB. provitamin A; preformed vitamin A
A. preformed vitamin A; provitamin A**slide 29
Which are beneficial properties of CoQ10? (select all that apply)A. reduces BPB. helps gain weightC. helps lose weightD. decreases myocardial damage due to ischemiaE. Huntington's disease
A. reduces BPC. helps lose weightD. decreases myocardial damage due to ischemiaE. Huntington's disease**slide 65
Which of the following are examples of macrominerals (minerals your body needs in larger amounts)? (pick 3)A. sodiumB. copperC. iodineD. ironE. magnesiumF. molybdenumG. seleniumH. potassium
A. sodiumE. magnesiumH. potassium**slide 55
_________ has shown to be cytoprotective in retinal and optic nerve disease.A. taurineB. ubiquinolC. ubiquinoneD. alpha lipoic acidE. selenium
A. taurine
Vitamin C helps the body form and maintain CONNECTIVE TISSUE, including collagen found in the corneaA. trueB. false
A. true
According to a study in July 7, 2014 Journal of Clinical Oncology Plasma Vitamin D by Zgaga et al., mortality from COLON CANCER was ________ lower in the group with the highest plasma levels of vitamin D2A. 1/4B. 1/3C. 1/2D. 3/4
B. 1/3**slide 19
Light converts _____ to ____A. all-trans retinal; 11-cis retinalB. 11-cis retinal; all-trans retinal
B. 11-cis retinal; all-trans retinal
Riboflavin is vitamin ______A. B1B. B2C. B3D. B5E. B6F. B7G. B9H. B12
B. B2
Which B vitamin strengthens protects cells from oxygen damage and plays a key role in ENERGY METABOLISM via metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins?A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
B. B2 (riboflavin)**slide 46
Corneal collagen cross-linking with ________ and UV-A light is used as a surgical treatment for corneal ectasia/keratoconus to make the cornea stronger.A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
B. B2 (riboflavin)**slide 47
This form of vitamin D is known as D3, can be synthesized by the skin, and is found in animal foods in diet.A. ErgocalciferolB. Cholecalciferol
B. Cholecalciferol
Which bipolar cells are ON with light, and activate ganglion cells, which send signals via optic nerve to brain?A. On center Bipolar cellB. Off center Bipolar cell
B. Off center Bipolar cell**slide 35
This disease is seen in ADULTS. It is the loss of bone mineralization and bone SOFTENING due to inadequate vitamin D and mineral intake.A. RicketsB. OsteomalaciaC. Osteoporosis
B. Osteomalacia**also known as "adult rickets" - "soft bones"
_________ AMD is more likely to have vitamin D deficiency.A. DryB. Wet
B. Wet**vitamin D has anti-neovascular properties
There is no dietary reference intake (DRI) for ________A. retinolB. carotenoids
B. carotenoids
CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) is ubiquitous in the body. This is a _______ nutrient.A. water solubleB. fat soluble
B. fat soluble
________ vitamin D levels is associated with fewer dry eye disease symptoms.A. lowerB. higher
B. higher**higher vitamin D levels had a small, but favorable effect on DES symptoms.**slide 25
Select the true responseA. humans are able to produce vitamin C in the bodyB. humans are unable to produce vitamin C in the body
B. humans are unable to produce vitamin C in the body**we must get it from our diet
Astaxanthin ________A. decreases HDL levelsB. increases HDL levels
B. increases HDL levels**Astaxanthin is a red pigmented carotenoid with anti-inflammatory and UV protecting properties found in marine sources (e.g. salmon, shrimp)
CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) acts primarily at the ___________ MITOCHONDRIAL enzyme complex to assist cells in ENERGY production.A. outerB. inner
B. inner
Darker skin individuals need ________ time outdoors to absorb vitamin DA. lessB. more
B. more**slide 13
Which is the RADICAL form of CoQ10?A. ubiquinolB. semiquinoneC. ubiquinone
B. semiquinone**slide 63
Which is more common?A. vitamin D deficiencyB. vitamin D insufficiency
B. vitamin D insufficiency
According to studies, beta-carotene ________A. causes lung cancer with or without 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitateB. causes lung cancer with or without 325 mg of aspirinC. A and BD. does not cause lung cancer when taken with 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitateE. does not cause lung cancer when taken with 325 mg of aspirinF. C and D
C. A and B
Which B vitamin helps keep the SKIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM, and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM healthy?A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
C. B3 (niacin)**slide 48
Smoking and alcohol increase the risk for _________A. RicketsB. OsteomalaciaC. Osteoporosis
C. Osteoporosis **slide 17
This disease is more common in WOMEN (post-menopause). It leads to reduced height, bone fractures, and less calcium in bones with loss of density.A. RicketsB. OsteomalaciaC. Osteoporosis
C. Osteoporosis **slide 17
Taurine is a(n) ________A. mineralB. vitaminC. amino acid
C. amino acid
Which of the following are examples of macrominerals (minerals your body needs in larger amounts)? (pick 3)A. chromiumB. copperC. chlorideD. ironE. manganeseF. calciumG. seleniumH. phosphorus
C. chlorideF. calciumH. phosphorus**slide 55
In the _______, vitamin D acquires a final pair of oxygen and hydrogen to become CALCITRIOL.A. skinB. liverC. kidney
C. kidney
Which of the following are NOT converted into vitamin A? (select al that apply)A. retinolB. beta caroteneC. luteinD. zeaxanthin
C. luteinD. zeaxanthin**slide 29
Cho et al., 2014 did a study on vitamin C oral and IV for patients admitted with INFECTIOUS KERATITIS. What were the results?A. there were no statistical differences between the placebo group and the oral and IV vitamin C groupsB. the group taking oral vitamin C (3g/day) had the greatest reduction in size of corneal opacityC. the group taking IV vitamin C (20g/day) had the greatest reduction in size of corneal opacity
C. the group taking IV vitamin C (20g/day) had the greatest reduction in size of corneal opacity**IV vitamin C was more beneficial than oral supplementation especially in younger patients and those with hypopions **slide 53
Which is the fully OXIDIZED form of CoQ10?A. ubiquinolB. semiquinoneC. ubiquinone
C. ubiquinone**slide 63
A diet deficient in _______ can lead to SCURVY.A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
C. vitamin C**Scurvy is characterized by muscle weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, bleeding under the skin, soreness and stiffness of the joints, anemia, fatigue, and depression.
Ascorbic acid is the synthetic ingredient in _______A. vitamin AB. vitamin B12C. vitamin CD. vitamin DE. vitamin EF. vitamin K
C. vitamin C**slide 50
_______ mg of vitamin C WAS the daily dose used in studies showing reduced risk of CATARACTS.A. 90B. 75 C. 200D. 500E 700
D. 500**slide 52
Which B vitamin influences normal GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT?A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
D. B5 (pantothenic acid)**slide 48
Which of the following may be useful in PERIPHERAL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY?A. taurineB. ubiquinolC. ubiquinoneD. alpha lipoic acidE. selenium
D. alpha lipoic acid**improves insulin signaling and stimulates glutathione synthesis
Calcidiol or 25(OH)D is measured in the ______ to determine levels, but the active form is calcitriol.A. skinB. liverC. kidneyD. blood
D. blood**slide 7
The active form of vitamin D is ______A. vitamin D2B. vitamin D3C. calcidiol or 25(OH)DD. calcitriol or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin or 1,25(OH)2D
D. calcitriol or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin or 1,25(OH)2D
Biotin is vitamin ______A. B1B. B2C. B3D. B5E. B6F. B7G. B9H. B12
F. B7
Which B vitamin helps BREAK DOWN PROTEIN and CARBOHYDRATES and helps the body MAKE HORMONES? It is also helpful in maintaining normal blood sugar, and strengthening hair and nail. A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
F. B7 (biotin)**slide 49
Vitamin D may be good for patients with ________A. asthmaB. multiple sclerosisC. hypertensionD. kidney diseaseE. cardiovascular diseaseF. all of the above
F. all of the above**slide 21
Folic Acid is vitamin ______A. B1B. B2C. B3D. B5E. B6F. B7G. B9H. B12
G. B9
Which B vitamin helps cells make and maintain DNA and is important in PRODUCING RED BLOOD CELLS.A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
G. B9 (folic acid)**slide 49
Vitamin B9 is known as ______
Folic Acid
Cobolamin is vitamin ______A. B1B. B2C. B3D. B5E. B6F. B7G. B9H. B12
H. B12
Pernicious anemia is a result of vitamin _______ deficiency.A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyroxidine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
H. B12 (cobolamin)**slide 43
Which B vitamin plays a role in the body's growth and development, and produces BLOOD CELLS, NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION (MYELIN SHEATH), and how the body uses folic acid and carbohydrates?A. B1 (thiamin)B. B2 (riboflavin)C. B3 (niacin)D. B5 (pantothenic acid)E. B6 (pyridoxine)F. B7 (biotin)G. B9 (folic acid)H. B12 (cobolamin)
H. B12 (cobolamin)**slide 49
Vitamin B3 is known as ______
Niacin
Vitamin B6 is known as ______
Pyroxidine
Vitamin B2 is known as ______
Riboflavin
The CARET and ATBC studies showed a significant increase in _______ cancer risk among participants taking ______
lungbeta-carotene**slide 39
Taurine is an amino acid and is in abundance in _______ and _______ foods
meatsshellfish